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Martin Luther King, historischer Hintergrund und der Montgomery Bus Boycott auf Englisch - Referat
Martin Luther King
- everybody knows name
- great man, fought for equality of blacks in USA
- have to know were treated very unfairly + unjustly
- want tell bit about history blacks in America
- was long way to the independence of blacks in USA
- in early 16th century first African slaves were brought to America
- in time, more + more Africans were sent to it
- worked as servants + slaves on cotton + tobacco fields in South
- 18th century law was passed, was illegal to import slaves
- many people ignored it + had own slaves
- 1820 slavery was declared legal in South, illegal of all states north of Missouri
- later 1861 more 4 Mio. slaves in USA
- eleven southern states, used slaves for work, left Union
- >>>afraid Lincoln, new President, would abolish slavery, basis of their economy
- Civil War broke out
- North defeated South, slaves were freed
- 1868 Blacks officially became American citizens
- difficult or not possible to vote in South
- Supreme Court said, any state can have facilities for blacks + whites, as long as are “separate, but equal”
- In few states South, separate schools blacks+whites, separate theatres, restaurants, hotels, taxis, seats on buses
- Later thousands blacks moved cities in North look for work
- 1954 Supreme Court changed decision, ordered every state desegregate schools
- southern areas didn’t accept this
- 2years later, supreme court declares, segregation on public busses is against the Constitution
- 1963 Dr Martin Luther King led 250.000to Washington DC in largest protest march in US history
- speech climax of civil rights movement
- year later congress passed civil rights law, made discrimination in hotels, restaurants + important fields of employment illegal
- 1965 blacks allowed vote
- 1968 Martin Luther King was killed >>>riots in major American cities
- 1973 black person became mayor of major city first time
- Thomas Bradley mayor LA
- 14 later, Yvonne miller became Virginia’s first black female senator
- 1988black Jesse Jackson serious chance become candidate for president
- 2later Douglas Wilder, governor of Virginia, first black governor in US history
Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
- Born on 15th January 1929 in Atlanta grew up there as oldest son of
- father: Martin Luther King senior (baptist pastor)
mother: Alberta Williams King
- 1944 - went to Morehouse College
- 1946 was ordained to baptist pastor
- father in church, taught, all men equal in God’s eyes
- very early MLK discovered, not everybody thought this way
- at college, decided become minister
- studied live of Gandhi
- learned, how G changed system of unfair laws, freed people of India, without violence
- decided, use same ideas help blacks in A
- married in June 1953 Coretta Scott
- 1954 started working as minister in Montgomery, Alabama
- same year, Supreme Court said, all schools open for blacks + whites
- in south, Ku Klux Klan, group of white racists, attacked black families
- in Montgomery city officials refused to desegregate schools
- blacks became angry of this, other forms desegregation, especially on buses
- decided, boycott buses in Montgomery
- king helped advise protesters
- some prejudiced whites threatened to kill king family
- 1956 Supreme Court ruled, protesters right
- segregation on city buses became illegal
- 1959 - visited India and Ghandi
- King gave speeches all over USA, encourage people protest against segregation peacefully
- 1963 led children’s march through streets of Birmingham, Alabama
- police attacked protesters with dogs
- thousand children were put into prison
- finally white leaders abolished segregation in Birmingham
- 1963 250.000 came Washington DC, support equality for blacks
- MLK hold famous speech “I have a dream”, became major influence on Civil Rights movement throughout the nation
- direct cause was the arrest of Rosa Parks
- black, who refused to give a white his seat in a bus
- action lasts 382 days
- in speech told, believes + hopes, sometime blacks + whites will be threatened same + no more differences between
- President Kennedy sent Civil Rights bill to Congress
- Now, segregation illegal in every state USA
- Soon after this success, MLK received Nobel Peace Prize
- King claimed, it belonged all people involved in Civil Rights movement
- Gave most of money to groups, worked peacefully towards equality
- Summer of 1967 riots broke out in many cities across USA
- King insisted that non-violence was a stronger weapon
- Travelled from city to city to lead marches
- 6 o’ clock in evening of April 4, 1968, was standing on balcony of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee
- when gunman called James Earl Ray fired a rifle
- king felt to the ground, died at 7 pm in hospital
- was 39 years old
- all over world, people talked of losing special man
- his coffin was put on old farm wagon + pulled through streets of Atlanta as symbol of his concern for the poor
- 100.000 people marched behind
- King’s last march to freedom
- On his grave, written words “Free at last! Free at last! Thank God almighty, I’m free at last.”
- One year after L was killed, white American believed to be murderer, was sentenced to 99 years in prison
- Later claimed, was innocent , saying he had been persuaded to plead guilty to avoid the death penalty
- One man, who is certain of Mr Ray’s innocence, his lawyer, Mr William Pepper
- Became friends with M L K in final years
- Mr Pepper claims there was government conspiracy to kill King + that Mr Ray was framed for murder
- Because had started campaign against Vietnam war in USA + he had become too radical for government
Montgomery Bus Boycott
- in Montgomery ,segregation part of everyday life
- first rows of seats in bus reserved for whites
- behind seats, blacks allowed to use
- on December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks drove home with bus after work
- took place on middle of bus
- when white bus driver asked blacks, in segregate part, to stand up for letting whites sit
- everybody did, except for R P refused get up
- Stayed on seat
- Was arrested, sent to Montgomery jail
- After hearing of arrest of Parks
- JoAnn Robinson, began organise one day protest
- To protest against segregation- Women’s Political Council prepared boycott of bus ways
- Were supported of new founded Montgomery Improvement Association with leader MLK Jr
- Result great
- While public transport wasn’t used very often, blacks walked singing + holding hands, didn’t use busses
- On 21. December 1956, after 382 days, Supreme Court said, segregation on buses in Montg. illegal
- all in all, can see, long way to equality
- one man made it real, achieve aims
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